Thursday, March 31, 2011

Introduction To Wedding Guest Book

Leszek Kolakowski - Miscellaneous Tales. Part X




X: How to resolved the matter of longevity


Lailonia Long ago, a small kingdom bordered Gorgol. Long ago - you ask - and today? That was it! Today, this limit has ceased to exist, and the reasons for the strange events that led to the destruction of the kingdom of Gorgol, preserved in the annals laiłońskich that seem aware of the story. In Gorgol ruled in his time a very wise king Hanuka. It was truly a benevolent ruler, who of all the forces would contribute to the happiness of his subjects, and the thing is at that time was infrequent. Hanuka King came to the conclusion that in the State of Gorgol people live too short and decided in some way to fix this. He thought that if the brightest minds in the country will call for help, it certainly manages to develop measures that will enable all people to live much longer than hitherto before.


lonely at the top of the tower in the city lived Pambruk astrologer Majoli. It was a great champion of the world's most knowledgeable on the stars. On the day of sleep and spent nights at the telescope and studied the stars. He had three students who are educated under the direction of the eminent astrologers and also gave quite a few favors to people studying the movements of the stars and watching everything that was happening in the sky. One of those students named Dronk, worked at night, with an eye to the other telescopes przylepionym, tracking movements of the stars. Two the other, bearing the names of Mino and Klepo, worked in the day. These, in turn, studied the sky during the day, particularly the sun and clouds. Astrologer Majoli and his pupil Dronk worked so last night, while the Mino and Klepo studies conducted during the day, and therefore not seeing your side, because I always consist, that when the first two were at work, two others were asleep, and vice versa. (It should be pointed out that in the realm of Gorgol day and night, never occurred together; when it was day, night had not yet come, and before the night is gone, day would not occur. This order was already in the country and no one managed to change that.)


Hanuka Well, the king thought that the astrologer Majoli, along with his disciples, he can can tell how all the inhabitants of the kingdom to ensure longevity. He told them to study on this issue and promised generous salary. Astrologer Majoli, who pochlebiła, of course, asked the king, he ordered all his disciples initiate appropriate tests and has promised that at least seven years will provide all the necessary messages. In contrast, Gorgol lived a famous doctor named Ipo. This had two students - Ramo and Najna. They were really great scholars, who knew how to deal with all diseases. They spent the bottom of the tables full of various bottles, tubes, rings and other instruments and using the arts known only to himself constantly inventing new drugs that uzdrawiały even the most severe patients. To them also asked the King to request Hanuka, to have developed some measures for longevity, a medic Ipo readily agreed to the royal command, had in fact that when he is able to prolong the life of all people, will gain so much recognition and fame, becoming the second person of the king throughout the country. However, he said that he must also have seven years to their studies, which will run along with two students.




Yes Thus, four astrologers and three medics took the hard work, as a result of which, after seven years, they reveal people the means of prolonging life. Seven years is a lot-but so much work had to be really at least as much time. Hanuka King had also claim to scholars, he knew that the less time they could not make the work of such measures. Seven years is a lot - but even seven years at the end of one day passes. It has been a significant - exactly seven years. On the appointed day the king's great theater was full of guests, the elite of the country arrived to the sensational Assembly: seven scholars have presented their results to ensure the longevity of people. Installed loudspeakers in the city that all residents of the capital, who could not fit in the theater, can immediately listen to speeches. Because the king was very Hanuka benevolent ruler. So when the king announced the appearance of an astrologer Majoli, applause rang out in the theater. The great astrologer came to the tribune, postarzały for seven years and gave a short speech, where he gave the main results of their studies.


- invented a way to extend the life of all people six times, once said Majoli, a murmur of recognition sailed across the room as the wind. A simple and inexpensive - continued - and at the same time reliable. Namely, built a clock that moves six times faster than currently used watches. Suppose that according to ancient reckoning of time we come here next year. During this time, according to a new watch, it will be not one year but for six years. If anyone has to die, for example, ten years, he will die, in fact, for sixty years. A child born today, who would survive sixty years, they really will live three hundred and sixty. Do I have to explain all the benefits of my system? Everyone sees that the longevity issue is resolved!


Astrologer Majoli, having said so much, he stroked his beard and sat down. Part of the room wildly applauded his speech until the moment when the astrologer Dronk with a mean smile came the grandstand.


- I'm sorry, gentlemen - said the astrologer Dronk - that I am forced to take action against wywodom my venerable teacher Majoli. However, the system proposed by him is not suitable, according to my research, nothing. Clocks will go faster, it's true, but so what? One hour will remain one hour, even if the clock passed at that time six hours. My system does not resort to such tricks. My system will provide very long life for all inhabitants of the kingdom along with the reigning king najmiłościwiej Hanukiem us. And here in a nutshell the essence of this system: the gods have appointed to every man the day and hour of birth and death, therefore we, the books are to be obedient life, we will measure time differently. I built a clock which, in contrast to the futile and ridiculous clock my teacher is moving six times slower than the clocks used today. I drew up the calendar, which will tear only one card for six days. The the prescribed date and time, in which every man must leave the earth to enter the kingdom of shadows will fall, in fact, six times later than it would be according to the present reckoning of time. Everyone will live as long as foreseen in the book of life, which can not be changed, while everyone will live, in fact, six times longer. Here's my system, gentlemen!




Astrologer Dronk sat down, a part of the room again, loudly applauded his speech. Waited for the next speaker.

learned astrologer Mino now started his lecture.

- Gentlemen - he said - they could to see that arguments speakers are pointless. Astrologer Dronk you already showed that the system is inept astrologer Majoli. But his system is just as stupid and, indeed, blasphemous, because the project is to cheat the gods. The gods, however, the trick will not give, and you, gentlemen, never comes to mind, to make the work so perverse. My system is completely different. It is not about to on the clock or calendar time passed slowly, the idea is to follow a slower really. 'How do I? Very simple. Every morning a new sun emerges on the horizon behind the forest and killed every week on the horizon on the other side, sinking in the sea. This must change. Where the sun emerges from the east, you have to send the spiders to the networks, who can reach up to the horizon and the forest, the place where the sun rises, the nets holding the sun and not letting his Emergence. On the other side, at sea, will keep watch fishermen with their nets, who the previous day the sun will not fall into the water. Calculates the time of this work in such a way that lasted six days and six times longer times longer than it was night. Just our life, which always includes a certain number of days and nights, will be extended six times. Here, gentlemen, an appropriate system for extending the life!


Co. said, he sat down. And again, a storm of applause broke out in parts of the room when the rest of the room seemed reluctant murmurs. The last of the astrologers, Klepo, there is now with its proposal.

- I feel sorry for you, gentlemen - he - that each new project, which so far have heard, appeared to be even stupider than the previous one. Pause the sun on the run? Agreed, but why would prolong life? We will live as long as before, except that in our lives will be six times less days and nights, and for that they will be six times longer. No, gentlemen, these projects can be used only for this to disturb you in the head. But you yourself in your head does not disturb the date, right? Finally, I present to you the way, which is based on real deep study and has nothing in common with the deluded tricks of my predecessors. In examining the issue of longevity, I made the first effort of finding out why people live so short.

discovered the cause and I am ready to unveil it in front of you. And here is the secret of our krótkowieczności: people bored. Boring in the world, gentlemen, here we die. To live longer, you need to make the world ceased to be boring. But why exactly is it boring? This is the reason: the world is boring, because the sky is always the same color. Meanwhile, the sky is such a huge part of the view that we can embrace the vision that the uniformity of the cloth, obviously, that hangs over us, we must attach a relentless boredom. We live a short, gentlemen, because the sky has only one color. But it is the council. We will send balloons to heaven, where workers sit with barrels and sikawkami. The barrels instead of water there will be different colors. To get to heaven, the workers let go in motion and sprinkler repaint the ceiling blue to six different colors. One part will be blue, while the other one will carmine, another celadon, another black, yet the next yellow, silver and finally last. Rather than be bored watching the same color forever and quickly die of boredom, you'll enjoy the view of the sky and sześciobarwnego through this life we \u200b\u200bgrow six times their length. Here, gentlemen, my idea, which, I believe in your eyes will gain the recognition it deserves.




Some listeners did not hesitate this time to demonstrate their sympathy for the bold live project astrologer. Ovation lasted but a short time, because I was trained on the new grandstand. This time it was a famous physician Ipo, who said:

- listened to here, gentlemen, such an amount absurdities that would not surprise me at all, if you leave the room now tired, which does not expect to hear any reasonable sentence. But, gentlemen, I beg you to be patient, because these are your longevity, and therefore a question of which instruments do you have to translate. But I solved this problem, solved it, I hope, once and for all. In carrying out its research, thought about it that the longest living creatures in order to determine what measures it owes to longevity. It turned that the longest living animal is a turtle. Yes, gentlemen, turtle live six times longer than humans. And what does the turtle? He wears a shell, crawling along the ground slowly, and wags its tail in moderate sizes. What do people do to live longer? To become like turtles! Here is my way, you will understand the benefits and ease right away. We must, gentlemen, now immediately obtain the large shells, appropriate to our size, no longer walk on two legs and get used to to creep slowly on all fours, you must, then, season with the tails and waving them in moderate amounts. Easy to get used to this life, especially when the target is so sublime we prevailed. Believe me, gentlemen, it is the only answer to our problem.


Cheers and applause began again, with part of the room, and already here Najna doctor raised his hand as a sign that will speak.

- Gentlemen, we could evaluate all the misery of the project, which, I am ashamed to say you have just presented my dear teacher, Ipo. He wants us to turn into turtles, the mindless quadruped creeping along the ground! We have to be animals, gentlemen! Who can we submit something similar, if not previously turned himself into an animal! But zarzućmy veil of silence on this unsavory incident, forgetting about it as much as a wynurzeniach astrologers, which were delivered here, a I'm not being of unsound mind. You want to know the secrets of longevity, after all! I may say without boasting that I met this mystery and be surprised to hear just how easy and how little is required from you. Contained in one word: spinach! Yes, gentlemen, spinach! My research, conducted diligently and selflessly for seven years, proved conclusively that you have to eat much, very much spinach, and force all of us will be renewed without limit. It was spinach make our bones are hard, and the muscles will not wiotczały, he will strengthen our heart, He will cure us from baldness and rheumatism. Spinach, spinach and spinach again! From now on, rather than sow our grain fields, we will accumulate on them great heaps of spinach, which turn green mile our tables, restoring all the health and long life. How can a simple gentlemen Nourish ourselves just spinach, and thus solve our major problems.


enthusiastic uproar raised in a part of the hall and the voices of "spinach, spinach! "were heard from all sides. But here stood on the rostrum last speaker, medic Ramo. His hands shook with indignation when the speech began, but calmed down quickly.


- Make no mistake gentlemen - he said - assuming that these insulting mockery - because the only way to call it - jakieśmy heard from my previous speakers, we treat as the only deserve, that is, not to mention them at all not a word. Indeed, gentlemen, if you happened to see how babies spinach refer to this food? Turn away in disgust from this dish and you have to force them to eat healthy because nature tells them that any use not take the consumption of this disgusting weed. Ha, ha, spinach! I'd tell you something more about it, but then we talk about longevity! So do not waste their time, even knowing that time we will soon have in abundance. We'll have it in abundance, I repeat, if only to comply with the radical center, zapewniającego długowieczność, a odkrytego przeze mnie po długich docieka­niach i doświadczeniach. Prostota tego środka przewyższa wszy­stko, co można sobie wyobrazić. Otóż zdradzę wam, panowie, tajemnicę długowieczności. Ludzie giną zbyt wcześnie dlatego, że często chorują na katar. Katar - oto główne źródło krótkości naszego żywota! Katar, jak wiecie, jest to choroba nosa. I tu od razu nasuwa wam się rozwiązanie: gdzie nie ma nosa, nie może być również kataru. Panowie, jakież to proste! Ucinamy we all noses, in this way once and for all get rid of a cold, and thus we have ensured a long life. Cut off their noses, I say, noses cut off!




Saying this, Rama took out a razor medic and wanted to show how best to cut off his nose, he could not, however, because the audience there arose a tumult and turmoil, which soon turned into a common fight. Only now it turned out that the hall was divided into camps. Some shouted: "Spinach," Other "swift watches!" Others have "free watches!" Others "noses cut off!" And so, supporters of each of the proposed measures of longevity began to yell at each other and started a fight in which even the voice of the King Hanuka, calling for repentance, was drowned in the universal uproar. Moreover, all the speeches were already known throughout the city, where he heard them through megaphones. At one time the capital was equally divided into seven political parties, as the participants gather in the theater and the fight has become widespread. That day the civil war gripped the country. Seven factions fought each other mercilessly. It was interesting that proponents of cutting off the noses ran brzytwami, trying to cut off the nose of whom may be from opposing camps, but they did not manage to lop the nose and have it all in place.


struggle has become widespread. Gorgol anywhere in the country was even seven people, from the smallest village battle erupted. The case was yet reported, all people want to be długowieczni and it is not surprising that there are so fiercely in defense of this case. So often, for example, someone walking down the street, shouting, "spinach, spinach, and immediately threw up on him a few other with cries of" paint the sky "," noses cut off! "," Turtles "," quick watches! " "sun" and took it in turns. But as soon as they finished, began to fight among themselves and took so until only one left on the square, surrounded by fallen opponents. Longevity is not a trivial matter. In fact, as a result of fierce wars, melted in all ranks of the warring camps. The various factions, finally became so numerous that began to include alliances between them and tied their passwords after two or three at a time. So now the password double shouted: "Watches and spinach", "paint the sky and noses cut off!", "Tortoise and the sun!"


Knight fight dragged on until the entire kingdom Gorgol there were only two people. They were the medic and the medic Najna Ramo, former leaders of two of the warring factions. They met on the ruins of the capital city, exhausted by war, słaniający on his feet. They looked at each other with hostility, a grown hoarse voice whispered, "spinach". The second thin squeaked: "noses cut off." But I no longer had the strength to fight with each other. They were, moreover, the only surviving inhabitants of the kingdom of Gorgol. Therefore, they decided in accordance with, that will stop the war and try out their both measures simultaneously. Quickly cut off the noses and sat down on a big bowl of spinach. They were sluggish and discouraged, but in the end is really a matter of longevity are extremely important. Frankly, we do not know what happened afterwards. It is not known how long the two survivors were seated without a nose Gorgol over the bowl with spinach. In truth, it is not certain whether or not sit on it yet, especially if any of these measures proved effective and very prolonged their lives. But Gorgol kingdom ceased to exist, because what is this kingdom, gdzie jest tylko dwóch obywateli z uciętymi nosami, jedzących szpinak? 


W ten sposób granica między Lailonią a królestwem Gorgo­la przestała istnieć. Sprawa długowieczności nie została ostatecz­nie rozstrzygnięta na skutek całkowitego upadku królestwa Gor­gola. Nie jest jednak wykluczone, że kiedyś uda się wreszcie roz­wiązać ten problem, nad którym biedziło się siedmiu tak wybit­nych uczonych.

Sunday, March 27, 2011

Does Abreva Work Good



My parcel was damaged caused by wild boars. Tulips were completely wyżarte were empty baskets,




fence devastated,




lawn does not really exist,


a wild few years wine has been completely dug up and bitten.

Management allotments moat and not as the responsibility and does nothing to wild, which do harm to thousands zł, were shot. But what do you expect from retirees, melepetach who choose to board just to be in bed. For three years to collect money for the alleged new water supply system, which is neither widu nor słychu, like the collected money. It is a scandal, but with this scandal is not about who deal, because the Board Probably no longer protects the refuge of last PRL, ie Allotment Association.

How To Create A High Hat On Sibelius

Psychopathology of Everyday Life Freud. Part III




... About Amnesia ...

I return again to the forgetting of names, which neither casuistry, nor the motives are not yet fully have processed. Since this is the kind of mistakes can sometimes observe myself, so I will not have trouble with examples. Light migraines, which still hurt, promise to be typically for several hours before the forgetting of names, and during the peak of which is not, however, forces me to stop work, fall out of my memory All proper names. I like mine, the cases could give an opportunity for a fundamental objection against our analytical usiłowaniom. Is the similar observations should not be inferred that the cause of forgetfulness, especially of forgetting names, is in the general disorder of the brain and consequently save yourself the trouble of psychological explanation of these phenomena? Not at all; pomieszalibyśmy because in that case and gives a permanent mechanism to find in all cases, the terms of the variables and not necessarily required.
Instead of discussing, however, will refute the complaint for by comparison. Assume that I would be careless enough to go for a night walk in a secluded neighborhood in a big city and that, consequently robbed by my watch and wallet. Udałbym to the nearest police station and said that when I was on this street, loneliness and darkness took my watch and purse. The consequence of this would probably be that I thought would be insane, although in my words would not be anything that was not true. But the status quo in this case should be cast only in this way that the use of favorable odludności and darkness are not known criminals took me to my valuables. The same thing happens and the forgetting of names, using the fatigue, disturbances in blood circulation and metabolism of an unknown psychic force prevented the memory of our guide to proper names, the same force that makes it and where we are in full health and fitness.

When I analyze observed in the cases themselves forgetting names, then say almost on a regular basis, that is a forgotten name in connection with the subject that I care much, and can cause severe and often painful emotion. According to a comfortable and fair formula Zurich school (Bleuler , Jung, Riklin ) can be defined also in this way, the forgotten name of the complex moved with me personally. The ratio of the name of my people is unexpected, usually produced through superficial associations (ambiguity, evenly-pregnancy), it can generally be regarded as incidental. A few simple examples will explain the best of its essence.

first One patient asked me he shared some resort on the Riviera. I know this town near Genoa, I remember even the name of a German colleague, who practiced there, but of the same name by any means I can not, even though I know them so well. It remains for me nothing more than ask the patient to wait, and ask for help to the women of my family. "How can the name of this town near Genoa, where Dr. N. has a plant in which this and this lady for so long she was on treatment?" "Of course, you just have to forget that name, called Nervi." The nerves in the same things I have enough to deal with.
second Someone else tells the story of a nearby country house and ensure that, in addition to two well-known inns there is yet a third, which tied him some memories, her name just to replace me. I deny the existence of this third inns and refers to the fact that seven years in a row, I lived in the city, so I know it better than he. Irritated by the opposition finally remembered the name. The inn is called Hochwartner. Then naturally inferior, and even I have to admit that within seven summers I lived in the immediate vicinity of the inn, whose existence denied. Why here, and I forgot the name, and the thing itself? I suppose the name, which I all too clearly recalls the name of her fellow Viennese, and raised in me a professional complex.
third Another time, having to buy a ticket at the railway station in Reichenhal1, I can not recall a well known name to me the nearest big station, through which so often traveled. I need it quite seriously look at the distribution driving. It is called Rosenheim. Then I immediately know what combination of lost it by this name. An hour before I visited his sister in the place of residence, very near Reichenhall, my sister's name is Rosa and, therefore, Rosenheim. Inhibited complex family name.

4th To what extent are allowed to plunder our family-run complex is illustrated by the following examples, one day you came to my office a young man, younger brother of my patient, whom I have seen countless times and I was accustomed to call by name. When then I wanted to tell us about his visit, I forgot and in no way I could remember his name, moreover, quite everyday. Then I went out into the street, shop signs to read, and as soon as I came across this name, I knew it immediately. Analyzing this case came to the conclusion that the musical moved to my own brother, which ended in a muffled question, "Is my brother in this case behaved in a similar way, or rather the opposite?" Coincidence external connection allowed me to think about foreign currency and their own family because mother wore the same name: Amalia. I understood then the importance of names or substitute Daniel and Francis, which I admittedly arose, but have not been clarified. These are the names and Amalia of Schiller's The Robbers, which involves the concept of a Viennese humorist Daniel Spitzer.
5th Another time, I can not remember the name of the patient, who is my friend back to the teenage years. Analysis of circling long before looking for the name provided. The patient expressed concern that loses sight, it awakened a memory of a young a man who became blind as a result of gunshot. For this picture again joined another young man who was shot, and that the latter bore the same name as the first patient, and although it was not related. The name, however, found only when I realized the transfer of fearful expectation of the two juvenile on one of the people of my own family.
In our thinking, so there is, not shared our consciousness and a constant tendency to relate everything to himself, however, reveals it through such a forgetting of names. It is as if I was forced to everything I hear about people learning, compared with my own person and as if my personal complexes woke up at every mention of other people. There may be no way my personal property, but rather an indication that even in this way we understand everything else. I have some data to accept that and to other people it happens in quite a similar way with me.
finest example of this kind of told me a Mr Lederer as their own survival. During the honeymoon trip he met in Venice with a master, whom he knew only superficially, and had presented his young wife. Since, however, forgot the name, this time he helped himself indistinct humming. Faced with it, however, for the second time, which in Venice is inevitable, he took him aside and asked that it led to embarrassment, giving his name, which, unfortunately, forgotten. Answer alien testified that he was an uncommon human expert: "I believe that you do not remember my name, my name is like you: L Ederer ." You can not defend himself against a very unpleasant feeling, since it is their own encounters with a foreign name. Recently experienced this very clearly when I at the time of admissions introduced a certain Mr. Freud. (I understand, moreover, to the provision of one of my critics, that he behaves in a similar situation is vice versa).
7th Theme names may be forgotten also be more subtle and may rely on, so to speak, the "sublime" hatred for the host. A woman I. v. K. Thus writes from Budapest:
"I prepared myself this little theory. have observed, namely that people who have the ability to paint, they have no understanding of music, and vice versa. Recently, I spoke on this issue with someone and said: "My observation is always checked, except in one case." But when I wanted to remember the name of that person, I forgot them as hopeless, even though I knew that its bearer is one of my most intimate friends. When, after a few days, my ears caught accidentally name, I immediately knew that it was a question of the person to throw down my theory. Hatred, unknowingly fed him, revealed by forgetting his name, otherwise so good friend. "

8th On another bit of selfishness caused by forgetting the names of the following, quoted by S. Ferenczi, if whose analysis is particularly instructive for an explanation of alternative ideas (jak Botticelli, Boltrafio w przypadku „Signo-relli"). „Pewna pani, która trochę słyszała o psychoanalizie, nie może sobie w żaden sposób przypomnieć nazwiska psychiatry Junga. W miejsce tegoż nasuwają się następujące myśli zastępcze: K1. (nazwisko) — Wilde — Nietzsche — Hauptmann. Nie mówiąc jej prawdziwego nazwiska żądam, by przy każdym narzucającym się pomyśle kojarzyła swobodnie.
 
Przy Kl. myśli natychmiast o pani Kl., która jest osobą zmanierowaną, afektowaną, ale jednak na swój wiek bardzo dobrze wygląda. «Ona się not aging e! j "As a joint overarching concept for Wilde and Nietzsche-not mention mental illness. Then he says mockingly: "You, Freudians, you will be so long to find the causes of mental illness, to themselves become insane." Then: "I can not stand Wilde and Nietzsche. I do not understand them. I hear that both were homosexual, Wilde asked the young people. " (Although this sentence uttered the proper name, it is true, in Hungarian, although it can not even recall it myself.) Hauptmann associate with H albe, then J ugend ("Youth" - Halbego drama), and only now, when I directed her attention to the word Jugend, knows that looking for the name Jung. In fact, this lady, who was 39 years old lost her husband and has no prospect of re-marriage, has sufficient reason to avoid anything that resembles old-age or youth. It strikes us here, that the replacements were the thoughts of association with the common content of the sought-after name, indeed a total lack of associations of pure sound. "
9th Here is one more example of very subtly motivated forgetting names, that a person can explain herself.

"When did I exam in philosophy as a subject side, the examiner asked me the teachings of Epicurus, and further, whether I know who once again took up this study in subsequent centuries. I told him the name Peter Gassendi, which was two days ago in a coffee shop listed as a disciple of Epicurus. For complete surprise, asked where I got these messages, I answered boldly, that he had long been interested Gassendim. This resulted magna cum laude on the certificate, but also, unfortunately, after a stubborn tendency to forget names of Gassendi, I think that my guilty conscience is to blame, that I can not remember the name, despite all efforts. After all, and then I should not have to know. "

To properly assess where resentment against the reminder of this episode should know that telling the highly appreciates his Ph.D., which must suffice for the RNU many other things.
10th Dr. Ed. Hitschmann a:,. Mr. N. wants Book Company name "Gilhofer & Ranschburg." But despite thinking he was inspired Ranschburg only the name, although the company was well known to him. Returning home from a slight disappointment, therefore, finds! case to be sufficiently important to have a brother zasypiającego ask about the first part of the company name, did not mention it without difficulty. Then immediately the name of "GiIhofer" in men caused the word "Gallho?". A few months ago, took to the Gallhof rich in memories of a walk in the company resulting in the girl. Cna gave him a memorial before litter, which it was written: "In memory of the beautiful Gallhofer hours." In recent days, from oblivion the names of the object is, apparently accidentally, was damaged by N. with a swift counter zasuwaniu what he, familiar with the importance of symptomatic, skonstatował not without guilt. In those days it was a bit indifferent set against this lady, although he loved, but opposed to delay her marriage wishes ".

11th in 1915 when war broke out with Italy, could u himself observed that suddenly went out of my memory large number of names of Italian towns which had not had much difficulty. Like many Germans, accustomed to spend part of holidays in the land of Italy and I could not doubt that this massive expression of my forgetfulness was understandable powaśnienia with Italy, which took place prior specific tastes. In addition to this directly motivated forgetting names daio itself felt also forgetting indirect importing to the same effect. I was also inclined to forget other than the Italian name of the town, and I determined in the course of the study these cases that the names were related in some way through even more similarity with the sound of prohibited names
somewhat hostile. And so one day mozoliłem remembering the name of the town of Isen B in Moravia. When I finally ran into did not immediately know. forgetting that it must be made on account Palazzo Bisenzi in Orvieto. The Palazzo is located in Hotel Belle Arti, where I lived for each stay in Orvieto. Beloved memories are naturally the most affected by the changed attitude of feeling. It is appropriate therefore to discuss some examples showing how the different intentions You can use
wrong step in reminding the name.


could multiply the number of examples of forgetting names and then discuss them, but I would like to avoid examining a right at the outset of almost all points of view, which will be considered in connection with the later emerging themes. But let me formulate a few sentences the results of studies cited here. The mechanism of forgetting names (actually falling, momentary forgetfulness) is disrupted by the name of the intended reproduction stranger in a time course of unconscious thought. Or from the top have forgotten there is a link between the name and the disturbing 'complex, or such a link is created only as "using the superficial (external), often artificial associations. Among the most disturbing complexes influenced by personal relationships (family, professional). The name, which due to its ambiguity is one of the several circles of thought (complexes) may in one course of thought be forgotten under the influence of a second, stronger, more complex. The motives of these distortions pierces desire to avoid unpleasantness that it could result in a guide to these names. You can usually distinguish between two types of forgetting names, ie where the name is associated with something unpleasant or when associated with something else of similar effect, so that the name may be forgotten for its own sake or because of further or closer relationships associative. Throwing a look at this thesis we understand that the temporary forgetting of names is our most common actions by mistake.
features discussed here are not yet exhausted all properties this phenomenon. The starting point was a striking fact that many people in the earliest childhood memories are preserved in the memory of the facts is often indifferent and child, while important, meaningful and affective impressions of that period did not leave (often, certainly not always) in the memory of adults or trace. Since it is known that our memory would deprive choose between impressions, we would have to assume that this choice in children is subject to very different rules than the age of intellectual maturity. Through detailed examination shows, however, that it is not. Indifferent childhood memories owe their existence to the process of displacement: it replaces in the reproduction of other really important experience, which guide can be obtained through psychological analysis, and whose direct reproduction meets resistance. Because they are not preserved due to its own content, but through union with another of that kojarzeniowemu, repressed, content, therefore, is justified given them my name "memories masking.

Content masking memories came there from the first childhood, while represented by the memory of survival, almost completely unconscious, came from the later years of life of the individual. This type of movement called reverse. Perhaps even more common is the attitude of the opposite, namely that some indifferent impression from the last time fixed in the memory as the memory of masking through a combination of such to historic experience, the direct reproduction meets with resistance. They are so called. Pre-masking memories, because what happened in this case actually happens in memory, there is a time beyond memory camouflage. It can be seen, and yet a third possibility that this memory not only in terms of content, but also in terms of time corresponds to the impression created by him osłoniętemu, so it would be simultaneous or contiguous memory masking. How big a part of our memory vault into the category of memories masking what is their role in the processes of thinking and neurosis - these issues are not roztrząsałem here nor there, nor here I would not consider them. I mean just that, to show that the forgetting of proper names of mistaken recall and create memories masking processes are identical.
End of Part III

Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Cancerous Polyps In Bladder

Kabbalah: Some useful ideas! Part I Introduction to Ethics




Kabbalistic ** Music *** *
Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag (Baal HaSulam), author of Sulam-u, commentary on the Zohar, he expressed his spiritual feelings through the words of his numerous published writings. Among them, wrote songs and composed melodies based on these spiritual feelings. The music itself is based on the manner in which man feels in the spiritual world. What is so special about music? Is it that everyone can understand it, even if it has not reached the spiritual level of the composer. BaalHaSulama listening to music, as passed by his son, Rabbi Baruch Ashlag, we have the opportunity to experience the feelings of those outstanding Kabbalists.

Kabbalists reach two opposite phases of the spiritual: pain as a result of separation from the Creator and delight as a result closer to him. A feeling of remoteness from the Creator creates a sad music, expressed through prayer crying about approximation. A feeling of closeness to the Creator creates happy music, expressed through prayer of thanksgiving. Therefore, we can hear and feel the two different moods in music: the longing and desire for reunification, if it is rejected and the love and happiness when she finds a unity. Two sentiments express the Kabbalist unification with the Creator. Music washed listener in a great light. We do not need to know anything about it before hearing it, because it is without words. However, its effect in our hearts is direct and fast. Listening to it again and now it is a unique experience.
notes are composed in accordance with the kabbalistic. The notes are selected according to the way in which the human soul is built. The listener feels like they penetrate deep into the soul without hindrance. This is due to a direct connection between our souls and roots tunes.
In 1996, 1998 and 2000, three CDs of music Baal HaSulam-a and Rabash were recorded and published. Melodies are presented as Rabbi Michael Laitman heard them from his Rabbi Baruch Ashlag-a, the eldest son, the successor to the road-a HaSulam Baal.

*** Some basic concepts of Kabbalah ***
Adam Kadmon (Heb. prehistoric man) - the first emanation of God's revealing form. Being built of light and radiating light. By> Lurianic Kabbalah creature, which accounted for particularly dramatic role of the mediator between God and the empty space created by God to the world, the intermediary between the desert of divine absence, and the divine order of creation. At the time of the creation of tension between essence> En sofas, and the space created by the Act> cimcum resulted in intra-cosmic catastrophe AK breaking dishes. Space man becomes a place for drama, he experiences it himself. And it also creates a light repair the world. A man in his present form, is a distant echo of that luminous beings. Inherits the tragedy of her nature, but also resting on her mission. Imperfect, but with the greatest gift of all, the gift of nature beyond repair and the nature of the world, becomes a collaborator in the work of God repair the world. [...]
ANGELS (Greek angelos, Hebrew Malach - messengers) - messengers of God or human affairs spokesmen, zanoszący prayer before his face. theophany making for their help, it is not burdened with tremendum direct contact with the Absolute - is not a categorical imperative, but a kind of divine proposals. A. become a sign of the daily, charitable presence of God in human life. In the Bible, appear most often in human form. In point. > he (j) chalotów a. they are the guardians of transitions between successive heavens, which mystic has in his way to God to overcome. The relevant formulas taken from the guards of angels, they do almost angelic mystic essence. > Enoch example of his way to heaven, becoming one of the highest angels -> Metatron. According to> Kabbalah a. reside in the hierarchy of the second world Beria - creation (see the four worlds.) Play a very specialized roles in the natural world such as Ruchiel - angel wind , Szalgiel - snow angel, or Matariel - angel rain . According to the tradition of Jew. there are 70 angels guardians of individual nations. > Michael is an advocate and patron of Israel.



Bina (Hebrew intelligence) - Third > sefira ; has a female nature, under the patronage of the left column of the female tree sefirotycznego Life. The last of three Sephirot hidden, which are the domain of absolute divinity, below it, starting seven Sephirot construction. B. The multiplicity of an archetype; womb of creation. Her number is 50 - the numeric value of the word kol - all, a whole world of . Her letter and he . In the process of creation, by the movement in three directions, the point becomes the seed in her palace, constituting a three-dimensional space. Becomes the seed sprouts. It involves a secret kinship with the lowest sephiroth Malchut . Compounds of these two Sephirot reveal the structure of the role of the feminine world. B is called a top-down fire when Malchut - fire ascending. In the Holy tetragramatonie YHWH ( yud, he, waw, he ) is identical to the first he, when he the second, it means Sephirot Malchut. Represents the highest point sefirotycznej structure, which means prayer and contemplation, with its highest neszema soul, man can reach.
Chesed (Hebrew for love) - Fourth > sephiroth . Second in the right column sefirotycznego male Tree of Life. principle of participation of entities in the unity, power of attracting; spaceship eros. It is an expression of divine love and grace. Name of God associated with it is El . With the pin against her sephiroth> din , accompany the field of tension between multiplicity and unity of setting a space for everything you may need. Perhaps, because
say: find a balance in the field of cosmic polarity. This powerful force of attraction and convergence, without balancing the principle of din, would return to the unity of the world, which for us, seeing everything from the perspective of creation, would be an absolute silence and nothingness. Here, in the created world, the unity must in fact remain the longing, the memory of what was in the beginning, and perhaps in
complete form will be fulfilled at the end. Although there is so strongly associated with sustainability agendas> din i> chesed, many Kabbalists elementariness emphasizes the principle of supremacy and chesed. Joseph Gikatilla sees her start as early as> Keter, and also an important manifestation of> Yesod.


Hochma (Hebrew wisdom) - the second sephiroth . It embraces the principle of existence, under the patronage of the unity of the world. Her letter is yud, the smallest letter of the alphabet that embody the geometric point. Its number 10, number corresponding to that point - a synonym for all . Along with> Bina, created the basic design of poles: male - female. C. Wisdom - a synonym for the male element space, is always linked with Bina - intelligence - the essence of femininity . Associated the name of God Jach ( JH - The first two letter of the tetragrammaton YHWH), points to the inseparability of this compound (H - is a sephiroth letter bina). Wherever you are dwójnia, the first step towards the unity of multiplicity, has always charged a shadow threat duality of good and evil, will be mitigated by a huge, sacred authority of the pole pair.
CIMCUM (Hebrew contraction, withdrawal ) - a term used in Kabbalah to denote the act preceding the creation of the world, involving the withdrawal of God from himself, from his fullness and perfection, to make "place" for the world. Self-limiting image of God, bears the victim for his creation, builds the basis of theology of partnership between God and man. Prepares human participation in the work of repairing the world (see tikkun). The concept cimcum a key role in> Lurianic Kabbalah, especially in the version written by Joseph ibn Tabula . Cimcum is also restricted in the sense of imposition of constraints principles and rights at the world of limitless opportunities. It activates the order din - tough laws (see sefira), reducing the richness of pure potentiality to act a specific implementation. C. Act necessary for the existence of the world, but remains negativity. Exile is a God, and this aspect will be repeated in a variety of creative plans, will result in expulsion > Shechina , scattering the chosen people, the emergence of the world's suffering and pain.


FOUR WORLDS - the revelation of the division hierarchy, used by some Kabbalists:


first Olam ha-acilut (Hebrew world of emanation ) - the closest the world of God's names, corresponding to the level sephiroth> Keter. second Olam ha-berija (Hebrew, creating the world ) - the world of angels, corresponding sefirom> Hochma i> bina . third Olam ha-Yetzirah (Hebrew world formation) - the world of archetypes of the visible world, corresponding to the six> sefirom construction. 4th Olam ha-asija (Hebrew world of ) - physical world , Assigned sefirze Malchut . In some versions of the doctrine of the four worlds, each made up of the full number of ten own Sephirot. This arrangement draws attention to the specific characteristics of the respective Sephirot sustain in the relevant worlds such as Keter is the highest sephiroth themselves most in the highest world acilut , sephiroth Malchut asija lowest in the world. Some Kabbalists distinguished five worlds. In sabataizmie and frankizmie fundamental role played by the division into two worlds - the upper and lower.


Daat (Hebrew for knowledge ) - Eleventh> sephiroth . This represents the most elusive aspect, the Sephirot crown - Keter , it goes toward the creation of the word. expresses the balance between > Hochma a> Bina. It means understanding the meaning of gnosis , initiation. It reflects the ability of the system to a transgression, the crossing of the established limits (eleventh - and yet belonging to ten).


devekut (Hebrew adhesion ) - state of intimacy with God soul. The main purpose of prayer, blessing and excused any actions mist., Is the soul to return divinity, to the place where he comes from, which is constantly waiting for her. According to the state d. kabbalists are several ways, including became aware of the presence of God and the awareness of His constant love, art submission to the will of God, or to harmonize and agree on the human will to the divine. Any action leading to this state is also in the nature of cosmic celebration of unity. Restores the connection between sefirami. Causes of connection with God. Renews and purifies the relationship between God and his name. To return from exile of each being dedicated to him the Promised Land.
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Monday, March 21, 2011

Whole Fillet Steak Recipe

. Lecture I




metaethics --- examination of normative ethics in terms of seeking truth in it.

What is the subject of ethics?

commonly use interchangeably the words "ethical" and "moral."

Moral --- is contrasted with "materialnemu" (ie non-pecuniary damage and pecuniary damage.) In the same ethics and there is a difference between ethics and morality.

Ethics --- theory concerning moral good and evil, a system of norms. That's what it should be. The science of morality.

--- Morality type of social awareness, which is used for elections. What is (reality).


first names etymology:

a) Ethics --- ethos (gr.) = custom, the observance.
b) Ethics --- etikos (gr.) = a featured character trait, upright character.
c) moralis --- (Latin) = the equivalent of "ethos", however, contemporary ethics is distinguished from morality. Ethics is the science of morality.

second Types of Ethics:

a) == A descriptive objective description without evaluation;
b) Normative == entanglement in a value system;
c) individualistic ;
d) Social .

Ad a) The ethics of narrative are such :

- moral psychology (Festinger ) - there is a correlation between what is accepted and the desire for a sense of clarity (if we have a cognitive dissonance, then make a reduction, distorts the image, we can not accept that one is a little good, a little angry, and bends in a convenient assessment of our page.)
- sociology of morality ( Max Weber) - deals with the relation between the values \u200b\u200bof individuals and their living conditions, etc.

Ethics properly so- sense, normative ethics. Language of ethics is different from the language of science, because the problem is to find the truth in ethics (task metaetyki). Sentence: "You should not lie" = korelatu it is not in reality. The so-called. In sentences - are subjective and not objective. Ethics refers to the demands of the values \u200b\u200band ideals.



Ad b) to normative ethics are :
- axiology;
- felicytologia (science of happiness);
- Global Ethics (universal = regarding relations between the whole of humanity)
- perfekcjonistyka (how to achieve perfection?).

Axiology === Learning about values, moral axiology concerns the ontological status of values \u200b\u200b(or exist outside the mind?).


These values \u200b\u200bcan be divided into two types : material (at the bottom of the pyramid of human needs) spiritual and cultural = (which should always be humans take precedence over the former. material values \u200b\u200bare lower because they are conflict. There is no perfect distribution of material goods, because their number has always been, is and will be finished and the human need to constantly grow with the increase of Civilizations. spiritual values, in turn, are not of conflict (at least theoretically), because they introduce a state of solidarity, the communion of feelings in public. Unfortunately, in practice, both the former and the latter, often lead to wars, disasters, lack of understanding . But to enjoy the spiritual values \u200b\u200byou already have tangible assets (eg, the appropriate cultural training).


Ad c) Is morality is an individual matter or a matter of mutual social life? Stoic Ethics and epikurejska were typically individualistic . Social ethics is to reduce the friction and conflicts between people.

* --- Russell said that without ethics collective society and die without an individualistic = not worth it to survive!

third three different views on ethics:



(On the pic. Maria Ossowska )


Ossowska --- --- a) trend wisdom = puts psychotherapy before the ethics task: How to live, not too much to suffer, how to come to terms with fate, etc. b) trend perfectionistic = function of ethics is to show the ideal of life and formulate a plan to achieve this ideal. c) social trend = poses the question: How to save humanity against threats? (The emphasis is not on the individual, only to humanity).


(On the pic. Tadeusz Kotarbinski )


Kotarbinski --- --- a) How to live to achieve happiness? b) How to live to work effectively acting? c) How to live to live a life worthy of man? Kotarbinski noted that for the sake of ethics, with specific, if not the most important is the third question!


(On the pic. Anatol Rapoport )


Rapoport --- --- a) Ethics compensatory = restore disturbed the order of things in relationships, compensation grievances by way of "an eye for an eye." b) Ethics resignation = can not change the world, so you'll need to change themselves and reduce their demands. c) Ethics activity = how to change the world, to adapt it to us, changing relationships in the social scale.

Sunday, March 20, 2011

Ralph Lauren Polo Gsm

"The beginning is everywhere" - Fr. Michael Heller




One of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century is undoubtedly the creation of cosmology - the science of the universe on its largest scale, both spatial and temporal . The universe has always been interested in the man, but until the beginning of last century the knowledge of him drowning in speculation and uncertainty. When he began the twentieth century, not known for sure whether there are galaxies, and whether Newtonian physics can be used outside our solar system without any "additional amendments." Then there is a rapid development - in parallel in the theory and observations. Substantial progress was the general theory of relativity, and built on the basis of the first cosmological models. They predicted that the cosmos is not a static creature, but extends from the super-dense state, which - perhaps too hastily - utożsamiono the beginning of the universe. At about the same time began to study first identified beyond any doubt, galaxies, and soon Edwin Hubble found that they run away from each other with ever-increasing speeds. It was the first important fact about the cosmological significance - The Universe is expanding.

second half of the twentieth century brought about further developments, both theoretical and observational. The theory was used more and more sophisticated mathematical methods and, thanks to the enormous technological progress (the era of computers, electronics, and artificial satellites) may have also become increasingly precise observational studies of the universe. The influx of data - both theoretical and observational - became so big that he formed a reliable picture of the large scale structure and evolution of the universe. The breakthrough was the discovery in the mid-sixties, the microwave background radiation, interpreted as a remnant of the Big Bang. Examination of physical properties of this radiation has allowed cosmologists to reconstruct the processes that have occurred in the very early universe. The seventies and eighties witnessed the consolidation of the standard cosmological model. The last decade of the century brought advances in observational techniques, which passed all expectations. COBE satellite mission and the Hubble Space Telescope - the first major observatory in orbit around the earth - have become even symbols of progress. COBE satellite made very precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background, which helped draw up a map of the universe with much of the period of pre-emergence of the first galaxies. Hubble still provides superb images Cosmos, is among them the famous "Hubble Deep Field, where they can see the formation of the oldest galaxies. With a great sense of security we can say that pass the following centuries of well-established image of the universe's largest scale available to us from very dense, early stages, when such decided to Nuclear, Chemical and portions of today's Universe, by phase, in which a space dominated by the electromagnetic radiation, the epoch of galaxy formation and their clusters, until the era. which we call "space today" - that it created the planet and was initiated biochemical evolution.

Fascinations cosmology typically involve the visual side. Just look closely photograph distant galaxies, to experience the philosophical delight - who are we compared to the millions of light years. A view images submitted by the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope, also provides a profound artistic experiences associated with beauty, but also the power of the cosmic abyss. Looking farther, we see what has happened in the more distant past. There are only a step to the Beginning ...


WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE?

Reflection on the philosophical problems of cosmology must begin with the question, what is the Universe [the word "universe" I write a capital letter as a proper name if it means our universe, in other cases, it writes a small point, as was adopted to write "Our Galaxy" and "other galaxies."] Or a little more modestly: What is meant by the word "universe" when it appears in texts or in the statements of cosmological cosmologists? As usual when it comes to understanding the words, in any setting is a large element of convention. However, this time from the convention too much depends, not to worry about its consequences. Let the following example will be justification for this claim.

From the thirties of last century's theory of relativity, relativistic cosmology were in the Soviet Union banned the teachings. Famous Russian cosmologist Yakov B. Zeldowicz once casually mentioned to me that Alexander A. Friedman, which many times we meet in the pages of this book, "was lucky, because he died before the plague, the ruling in St. Petersburg." Note that I understood much later, when the Soviet Union was no longer allowed to write about this and when I learned that two other scholars, colleagues, Friedman, also dealing with the theory of relativity and cosmology, Matwiejowi P. Bronsztejnowi and Wsiewolodowi K. Frederiksowi was not judged to survive a tragic border of 1938. Bronsztejn was shot in 1938, and Frederiks died in prison. Long years in the camps will spend! Yuri A. Krutkow well, who in the history of cosmology, inscribed by the fact that in 1923 during a long conversation with Einstein convinced him of the correctness of the famous work of Friedman in 1922 (at work the first time Friedman found solutions to Einstein's equations describing the expanding universe models.) The problem was that the then-known cosmological models present the universe as spatially finite (closed) and time (starting from the so-called evolution. Initial singularity), which was contrary to the claims of Marxist-Leninist philosophy above, according to which the universe must be infinite and eternal. Political repression effectively inhibited the development of cosmology in the Soviet Union for several decades.

Only in the sixties the situation started to change for the better thanks to ... skillful maneuver terminologicznemu, invented by the influential Soviet physicist, Abram L. Zelmanowa. Writing about cosmology, instead of "universe" he used the term "Metagalaktyka. Metagalaktyka according to him only a part of the observable universe, and it only deals with cosmology. The universe is the domain of Marxist philosophy. Some "progressive" Western cosmologists picked up a new appointment, considering it to be less burdened philosophical connotations, but more aware of things their Russian colleagues immediately returned to the term "Universe" as soon as political conditions allowed it. Today, the term "Metagalaktyka 'goes into oblivion.


(On the pic. Fr. Michael Heller)

A glance at the history of cosmology, to find out that the concept of universe, evolving, expanding its scope. That's what the universe was yesterday, tomorrow will be only a small part of it. Newton even our solar system called the "world system" soon after this system became an insignificant detail, lost in the starry skies. And when in the twentieth century discovered the world of galaxies, the current universe, which is a collection of stars, it became the only "our galaxy." Today we know that galaxies escape from each other. The universe is expanding, but much earlier you could say that extends to the very concept of the universe. The expansion of this concept is a measure of the growth of our knowledge.

But the laws of physics are immutable? Do extrapolating our laws of physics to remote areas of space and time, do not commit human error, which it considers its backyard typical for the whole continent? For a long time there were speculations about the volatility of the laws of physics, but one of the first, a more physically reasonable inference of this supposition comes from Paul Dirac.
Dirac remarked that after all if the universe is expanding is the radius of the observable part (it is equal to approximately the speed of light multiplied by time elapsed since the Big Bang) is growing and is indeed a matter of For that we live in an age in which the ratio of the radius of the observable universe to the radius of the proton is just 10 39 . But if you assume that the gravitational constant (and consequently the gravitational field strength) decreases inversely with the age of the universe, the randomness of it no longer exists: in any age, these "strange" relationship figures, in which there are number 10 39 , will be preserved.

Can we therefore define the Universe as the largest system in which Our physical laws are valid if we know right now were not necessarily always the same in the future may also change? Perhaps you can, provided that our physical laws shall be construed accordingly broad - as a team to be the evolution of regularities in the current era of overlapping with those regularities, which today we call our physical laws which we discover in the laboratories.


There is still a valid argument to the effect that our laws of physics are representative for the universe. Well, today you can no longer argue that by observation we control only our immediate neighborhood astronomical. We see very distant objects as they were in an era when the emitted beam of light now blowing in our detector (telescope, radio telescope). This feature allows you to still watch the nascent galaxies, and study the cosmic microwave background gives us insight into the physical processes that take place in the universe a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, when the beginnings of future clusters of galaxies existed in the form of minor clumps hot, uniform plasma.

If noted that the current age of the universe is nearly 10 10 years, it is easy to say that we met up to ninety percent of the total number of cosmic history (from the Big Bang .) If in the course of cosmic history, the laws of physics have been changing, that it must reveal the inconsistencies in our picture of the world. If, for example, some physical constants changed only about one part per hundred billion, it will even be noticed, taking into account today's accuracy of observation. History of the Universe turns out to be extremely sensitive to changes in some of the important parameters, such as physical constants. You can talk about the "argument from compliance" from the known laws of physics, we reconstruct the earliest states of the universe, deduces from them - again referring to the laws of physics - the conclusions about the current state of the universe, and it turns out that these conclusions agree with the results of observation.

Among theoretical physicists of today, there is convinced that the basic physical effects: gravity. Strong and weak nuclear and electromagnetic symmetry breaking are the result of the initial impact, which reigned supreme in the Big Bang. Subsequent violations of the original great-syrnetrii phase transitions in nature, similar for example to move the liquid to the solid state or gas. This time, however, phase transitions related to the space or the "vacuum", which as far as temperatures fall rapidly disintegrates into various "phases" (impact), which also define the mass of fundamental particles associated with these phases. Phase transition process itself is carried out in accordance - f. use a priori laws of physics, but the effects of this process also depend on some accidental circumstances, as well as patterns of ice on the glass depend on purely random factors, although the freezing process is subject to strict laws of physics. This raises the question whether the fact that we have today and not just those four other physical effects (and eventually this and no other physics), is not entirely the result of some accidental circumstances that have occurred in the early Universe? l, or if those circumstances were just a little bit different, we would have completely different physics?

But how can you determine which features of the universe are random and which are essential, since the universe is given to us in one piece and we do not have to compare it with what? Remains thought experiment: can there other universes, in which the same original great-symmetry is broken in a different way, leading to a totally different physics and a completely different from our cosmic history?

the early eighties, was born up, and soon became fashionable, the idea of \u200b\u200binflationary cosmology. The originator was Alan H. Guth, but the concept was relatively quickly adopted and developed by other researchers. According to the inflationary scenario, when the universe was very young, around 10 -35 seconds after the Big Bang, the expansion has suffered a sharp acceleration, with the result that the Universe has increased its size 10 30 times (or much more, according to later, improved scenario). This is called a phase of inflation (distension). The reason for this distension would be the energy contained in a vacuum, before the latter has passed the phase which gave rise to present a strong nuclear impacts. Einstein's equations allow for such a process and it is undoubted merit Guth. it drew attention to this. Inflation process ends when the vacuum goes into more normal state (more normal today from our standpoint) then emit huge amounts of heat. It is possible that this process is testimony to the cosmic microwave background temperature of 2.7 K, filling out the entire space.

inflationary universe idea remains highly speculative. For many cosmologists, however, the concept is attractive (although it is also strong opponents), mainly because it solves several problems of the standard model. These difficulties are associated with the fact that our universe is very "synchronized": the density of matter contained in it is very similar to the so-called. critical density (characteristic of the model space plane) so that its expansion is almost exactly such a rate that is necessary to ensure that might occur in galaxies and their clusters, a remote area of \u200b\u200bthe universe have a lot of the same features, though - if not for inflation - never in the past, there would be a causal relationship between them. Inflationary model overcomes these difficulties in one fell swoop: "synchronize" the universe is a consequence of the unprecedented distension; ever before distension, the whole universe seen today occupied a tiny volume, within which all combined causal relationship (more extensively on this subject will be discussed in Chapter 11, there also will be offered another solution to these difficulties.)

discussion on this topic as one of the first Russian cosmologist Andrei took Linde. His proposal called chaotic inflation. According to his idea of \u200b\u200binflation did not have to be something one-off. Each singularity resulting from collapse of a massive object can be regarded as a "little Big Bang", which gives rise to a new universe. Inflation trends in this universe --child may expand it to large sizes. Phase transitions of a new vacuum in each new universe - a result of random factors involved, such phase transitions always depend on - lead to the other fundamental interactions and, hence, to other cosmological scenarios. The set of all universes is eternal, although individual universes may last for a limited time. Our universe is the result of a detachment from the mother of the universe. Budding in this way the universes are very different: some are short-lived, almost immediately sank to the final singularity, other There are tens of billions of years or even longer, the pace of expansion is some small, others large, some are homogeneous, while others are rich in structure. Our universe is so "good" performance to one of his planets life could have arisen because, in other universes, which record the adverse conditions are met, not zaistnielibyśmy and we could not explore such universes (which is an example of anthropic reasoning).


idea Linde developed the Lee Smolin. Lead is still the question of why our universe is the way it is, in particular, why it is such that it could grow and evolve. Biological evolution is governed by the law of natural selection. Does a similar law can not be applied to the process of giving birth to new universes? According to Smolin is possible, but you have to accept this new assumption. It is namely assumed that the laws of physics in every newborn baby universe-slightly different from the laws of physics force in the universe, the mother (similarly, condition for occurrence of biological evolution is small changes in a set of genes in the offspring compared with a set of genes of parents). This mechanism ensures that after many generations in the set of all universes will dominate those universes that seem the most offspring, the ones that create most of the black holes that could be an zaczątkami new universes. Smolin is trying to prove that the universe must resemble our universe. So we are not only the effect of natural selection in the biological sense, but also of natural selection acting on a scale all the universes.

To prove his cosmological vision, Smolin points out that it does contain at least an empirical prediction. Well, our universe must contain many black holes. If it turned out that it is not. It belonged not to the universe, which seem to many offspring. It goes without saying that this kind of empirical prediction differs significantly from the empirical tests, which typically require the physical theories.

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