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Utopia Part I of Spinoza. Part II

Author: Peter Paziński

Sinai constitution

Jewish law was not for Spinoza's system as a whole revealed that the people of Israel was at Sinai, together with all the comments, the so-called oral Torah, written later in the pages of the Talmud. Moses received from God only basic moral teachings, all the rest he developed a kind of giving Israel a constitution governing all aspects of life, and distinguished the Jews among other nations:

"Law of the Old Testament were revealed and prescribed only to the Jews, as if God has called them into separate communities and established a separate state, This necessarily had they also have a separate law. For this reason, here are the divine power of Moses and the divine order brought religion to the state in order that the people of his duties he was not so much from fear as from devotion up. Then he committed it with his blessings and promised in God's name all kinds of things for the future. [...] Such is the goal of the ordinances, so that people do not do anything with your order, but all the commandments and to be conscious of one's itself in deeds and thoughts constantly, that subject to the law, not its pretty, but completely foreign. "

To Moses, therefore, not the Lord God was the author of a specific system of ancient Israel pañńtwa, aptly described as the theocracy. It was the king of the Supreme and the two authorities, civil and spiritual clearly separated from responsibilities, but also the possibility to control each other. As regards the term "theocracy," it drew him to Spinoza Josephus, who several centuries earlier, wrote:

"As you know, there is immense variety in terms of details in the customs and human rights in world, but can generally be summarized as follows: one to cede the political power of monarchies, others - oligarchiom others finally the people. Our legislature, however, are not inclined to any of these forms governance, but introduced a system, if you use such an artificial deadline, theocratic, placing in the hands of God's supreme authority and power " - [ Josephus, Against Apionowi, II, 164-165, spinning ³. John Rado ¿ycki, in Josephus, Against Apionowi, Autobiography, London: Rhythm 1996, p. 84N.].

views they bring some serious consequences. Spinoza is convinced that the whole law ritual (and so most of contained in the Torah) was to force the Jews only if they stayed in their own country. "It is so no doubt that the Jews after the collapse of his country were not longer obliged to stick to the law of Moses, as were not required to do so before they formed their society and state " . With the fall of Jerusalem Jews as representatives of each nation must observe only the fundamental ethical precepts and give yourself peace of mind with Judaism. The Torah was thus a kind of temporary current constitution.

Such an attitude implies something else: recognition that the Sinai covenant contained in the chosen people of God, which is the foundation of Judaism, was a political and not religious. That Israel is not in any specific way you want (after all, the prophets of other nations, people, what the Bible says: Melchicedek, balls), and the Jews are not necessarily to carry the certificate of the existence of the living God and His eternal rights. Spinoza reverses the traditional biblical order: the covenant, by which the nation was founded. On the upside reads verses from Deuteronomy:

"And Moses spake the priests and Levites of all Israel, saying: Be silent and listen to Israel!" Today you have become a people of the Lord thy God. So Listen voice of the Lord thy God, and do his commandments and laws which I command you today, I am giving " - (PWP 27,9-10).

(Monastery of St.. Catherine at the foot of Mount Sinai)

is convinced that the alliance was only a stage in the development of people *. He says this, while still recognizing that Judaism is allowed to survive as a separate nation, the Jews in the diaspora. Like the ancient prophet states: "I believe it is essential that the Jews, if they are not under the influence zniewieścieją principles of their religion, ever, under favorable conditions - things are human after all variables - again, build their country and their God again chooses

**.

* See the polemics that Spinoza by twentieth-century philosopher of religion Leon Roth: "Baruch Spinoza, His Religious Importance for the Jew of Today", in: Leon Roth, Is there a Jewish Philosophy?, London : Littman 1999, pages 95-107.

* Treaty, III, 55, p. 124 About Judaism as a necessary element of national liberation movement of Zionism have written many pundits, including Kalischer Tzvi Hirsch, Moses Hess, Jehiel Michael Pines or Abraham Isaac Kook . See Arthur Hertzberg, The Zionist Idea, Philadelphia: JPS, 1997.

In a few places to consider philosopher, went so far as to claim that traditional Jewish law requires Jews to hate members of other nations, which in turn brings the hatred of others to themselves. Even more - proves - to break with Judaism, and to end once and for all with a Jewish uniqueness and separateness. Judaism outside the country of Israel is superfluous, on the other hand, only Judaism is able to maintain the Jewish people - that's the dilemma that Spinoza did not want to solve. His views led to the fact that he had ceased to be a Jew in the sense of belonging religious. But he went a different route than many Jews, leaving fathers religion.

From me: was a time when political views, his philosophy and his own character - I was very fascinated. It was a time when I could not find itself a place in the world known to me. I searched for meaning in many ways: from the "pantheism", ending with Buddhism, but when I went their, I can see clearly that what Spinoza stumbled. Man is not an autonomous entity in the universe. To be able to find in it, first you need to sort out their approach to their roots, faith, and many similar cases. Some argue that the past does not count, because it is behind us, the future of a little known, so why should it bother you, it's all about the here and now, is not it? Carpe diem or whatever ... ited ... But I look at it this way: If you did not know himself (lifeline on the palm), of past generations - if they are not respected, is waiting for us at all a future? Does life here and now, devoid of thought has any meaning? Spinoza fled, as I did for many years, this is a characteristic of people who flee from the past and like it or not, pack up again and again in the growing cabal. Today, when I think about it, I feel only grief. I feel sorry for the poor Spinoza, because running away from their roots, proved to the world only one how much you can be yourself in contempt.